Chapter 1

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Amplifier Models

  • These are purely models, and cannot be replicated in a real world environment. They are meant to explain.
  • Trans stands for transfer (from voltage to current or visa versa).
  • The inputs and outputs can be either current or voltage. This leads to 4 amplifier models.
  • You can use any of these models, though some may be easier to work with (if you are given the Thevenin or Norton equivalent).


Amplifier models
Amplifier type
Gain parameter
Gain equation
Voltage input Current input
Voltage output Voltage
Open-circuit voltage gain
Transresistance
Open-circuit transresistance gain
Current output Transconductance
Short-circuit transconductance gain
Current
Short-circuit current gain


Characteristics of ideal amplifiers
Amplifier
Type
Input
Impedance
Output
Impedance
Gain
Parameter
Voltage 0
Current 0
Transconductance
Transresistance 0 0

Differential Amplifiers

Differential Amplifier inputs
  • Differential amplifiers take two (or more) input sources that produce an output voltage proportional to the difference between the input voltages.
  • Instead of expressing the input voltages in terms of and , we can express them in terms of the differential and common-mode input.
    • Differential input signal is the difference between the input voltages.
    • Common-mode input signal is the average of the input voltages.
    • , if is voltage at the positive terminal.
    • , if is voltage at the negative terminal.
  • , where is the differential gain and is the common mode gain.
  • The common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is the ratio of the magnitude of the differential gain to the magnitude of the common-mode gain.
    • In decibels,

Definitions

  • Input Resistance: of an amplifier is the equivalent resistance seen when looking into the input terminals.
  • Output Resistance: is the Thevenin resistance seen when looking back into the output terminals of an amplifier.
  • Open-circuit voltage gain: the ratio of output amplitude to input amplitude with the output terminals open circuited.
  • Short-circuit current gain: the current gain with the output terminals of the amplifier short circuited.

Reviewers