Key Facts from Reading

The following facts are not profound and are possibly very obvious. Nonetheless, they might help cement certain concepts. Please add things you think would be helpful.

Transistors

MOSFET diagram <ref> University of Cambridge </ref>

• Conduction in n-type material is from free electrons.
• Conduction in p-type material is from holes (positive particles).
• The function of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) depends on the voltage applied to the gate.
  • Certain ranges of voltage allow no current to flow between the drain and the source. In this way, the MOSFET acts like an open switch.
  • Another particular range of voltage allows current to easily flow from the source to the drain.
  • When the voltage is in between the ranges of open and closed switch, the MOSFET can smoothly control the amount of current flowing.
• Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) can act as either switches or current controls as well.

Amplifiers

• An inverting amplifier has a negative voltage gain, Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ {A_{v}}} .
• A noninverting amplifier has a positive voltage gain, Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ {A_{v}}} . (If you get this, you deserve a cookie)
• The power gain,Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ G} , is the ration of the output power to the input power
  • Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G=\frac{P_{o}}{P_{i}}=\frac{V_o{I_o}}{V_o{I_o}}=A_v{A_{i}}=(A_v)^2\frac{R_{i}}{R_{L}}}
    • Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ R_i} is the amplifier's input resistance and Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ R_o} is the amplifier's output resistance.

Decibel Conversion

• Power gain, Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ G} , can be converted to decibels:

Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G=(A_v)^2\frac{R_{i}}{R_{L}}}

Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ G_{db}=10 log{A_{v}}^2+10 log R_i - 10 log R_L}

Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ G_{db}=10 log |A_v|+10 log R_i - 10 log R_L}

• By the equation above, we can say voltage gain in decibels can be found with this equation: Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ A_{v dB}=20 log |A_v|} , where Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ A_v} is the voltage gain and Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ A_{v dB}} is the voltage gain is decibels.
• Similarly, we can say current gain in decibels can be found with this equation: Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ A_{i dB}=20 log |A_i|} , where Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ A_i} is the current gain and Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ A_{i dB}} is the current gain is decibels.

Differential Amplifiers

• Differential Amplifiers have two inputs. The terminal marked with a "+" is the noninverting input, and the terminal marked with a "-" is the inverting input.
• The differential input signal is given by Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ v_{id}=v_{i1}-v_{i2} }
• The output of an ideal differential amplifier is given by Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ v_o=A_d v_{id} } .
• The common-mode input signal is given by the following: Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle v_{icm}=\frac{1}{2}(v_{i1}+v_{i2})} .
• A real differential amplifier's output is given by Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \ v_o=A_d v_{id}+A_{cm} v_{icm} } , where Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A_{cm}} is the common-mode signal gain.

References

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Contributors

Christopher Garrison Lau I