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| ==Fourier series==
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| The Fourier series is used to analyze arbitrary periodic functions by showing them as a composite of sines and cosines.
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| A function is considered periodic if <math> x(t) = x(t+T)\, </math> for <math> T \neq 0 </math>.
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| The exponential form of the Fourier series is defined as <math> x(t) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty \alpha_n e^{{j2\pi nt}/T} \, </math>
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| ==Determining the coefficient <math> \alpha_n \,</math> ==
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| <math> x(t) = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty \alpha_n e^{{j2\pi nt}/T} \, </math>
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| *The definition of the Fourier series
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| <math> \int_{-T/2}^{T/2} x(t)\, dt = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty \alpha_n \int_{-T/2}^{T/2} e^{{j2\pi nt}/T} dt</math>
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| *Integrating both sides for one period. The range of integration is arbitrary, but using <math> \int_{-T/2}^{T/2} </math> scales nicely when extending the Fourier series to a non-periodic function
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| <math> \int_{-T/2}^{T/2} x(t) e^{{-j2\pi mt}/T} dt = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty \alpha_n \int_{-T/2}^{T/2} e^{{j2\pi nt}/T}e^{{-j2\pi mt}/T} dt = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty \alpha_n \int_{-T/2}^{T/2} e^{{j2\pi (n-m)t}/T} dt</math>
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| *Multiply by the complex conjugate
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| <math> \int_{-T/2}^{T/2} x(t) e^{{-j2\pi mt}/T} dt = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty \alpha_n \frac{Te^{{j2\pi (n-m)t}/T}}{{j2\pi (n-m)}} \bigg|_{-T/2}^{T/2} = \sum_{n=-\infty}^\infty \alpha_n T\delta_{n,m} = T\alpha_m</math>
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| *<math> \frac{Te^{{j2\pi (n-m)t}/T}}{{j2\pi (n-m)}} \bigg|_{-T/2}^{T/2} = T\frac{e^{j\pi(n-m)}-e^{-j\pi(n-m)}}{j2\pi(n-m)} = T \frac{\sin\pi(n-m)}{\pi(n-m)} = \begin{Bmatrix} T, n=m \\ 0, n\ne m \end{Bmatrix} = T\delta_{n,m}</math>
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| ** Using L'Hopitals to evaluate the <math>\frac{T\cdot 0}{0}</math> case. Note that n & m are integers
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| <math> \alpha_m = \frac{1}{T}\int_{-T/2}^{T/2} x(t) e^{{-j2\pi mt}/T} dt </math>
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| ==Linear Time Invariant Systems==
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| Must meet the following criteria
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| *Time independance
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| *Linearity
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| **Superposition (additivity)
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| **Scaling (homogeneity)
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| ==Complex Conjugate==
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| ==Changing Basis Functions==
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| ==Identities==
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| <math>e^{j \theta} = \cos \theta + j \sin \theta \, </math>
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| <math>\sin x = \frac{e^{jx}-e^{-jx}}{2j} \,</math>
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| <math>\cos x = \frac{e^{jx}+e^{-jx}}{2} \,</math>
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| <math> \left \langle \ Bra \mid Ket \ \right \rangle = Ket \cdot Bra </math>
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