Kurt's Assignment

Common Synthesizer Waveforms

Many synthesizers employ a variety of waveforms to produce varied sounds. The most common waveform is the sine wave. However, in additive synthesis, multiple waveforms can be added together to create a different waveform with different characteristics. The basis for this form of synthesis is the Fourier series:

${\begin{aligned}x(t)&=x(t+T)=a_{0}+\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }a_{n}\cos(n\omega _{0}t)+b_{n}\sin(n\omega _{0}t)\\a_{0}&={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}f(t)\,dt\\a_{n}&={\frac {2}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}f(t)\cos(n\omega _{0}t)\,dt\\b_{n}&={\frac {2}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}f(t)\sin(n\omega _{0}t)\,dt\\\end{aligned}}$

The four basic waveforms are Sine Waves, Square Waves, Triangle Waves, and Sawtooth Waves.

Square Wave

By inspection of the waveform, the DC component of the wave will be 0. Also, since the waveform is odd, a_n will be 0. Here is the proof:

${\begin{aligned}a_{0}&={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{{\frac {1}{2}}T}H\,dt+{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{{\frac {1}{2}}T}^{T}-H\,dt\\&={\frac {1}{T}}\left[Ht\right]{\bigg |}_{t=0}^{{\frac {1}{2}}T}-{\frac {1}{T}}\left[Ht\right]{\bigg |}_{t={{\frac {1}{2}}T}}^{T}\\&={\frac {1}{T}}H{\frac {1}{2}}T-0-\left[{\frac {1}{T}}HT-{\frac {1}{T}}H{\frac {1}{2}}T\right]\\&={\frac {H}{2}}-\left[H-{\frac {1}{2}}H\right]\\&={\frac {H}{2}}-{\frac {H}{2}}\\&=0\end{aligned}}$

${\begin{aligned}a_{n}&={\frac {2}{T}}\int _{0}^{{\frac {1}{2}}T}H\cos(n\omega _{0}t)\,dt+{\frac {2}{T}}\int _{{\frac {1}{2}}T}^{T}-H\cos(n\omega _{0}t)\,dt\\&={\frac {2}{T}}\left[{\frac {H}{n\omega _{0}}}\sin(n\omega _{0}t)\right]_{0}^{{\frac {1}{2}}T}+{\frac {2}{T}}\left[{\frac {-H}{n\omega _{0}}}\sin \left(n\omega _{0}t\right)\right]_{{\frac {1}{2}}T}^{T}\\&={\frac {2}{T}}\left[{\frac {H}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\sin \left(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}{\frac {1}{2}}T\right)-0\right]+{\frac {2}{T}}\left[-0+{\frac {H}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\sin \left(n{\frac {2pi}{T}}{\frac {1}{2}}T\right)\right]\\&={\frac {2}{T}}\left[{\frac {TH}{2\pi n}}\underbrace {\sin(n\pi )} _{\text{0}}\right]+{\frac {2}{T}}\left[{\frac {TH}{2\pi n}}\underbrace {\sin(n\pi )} _{\text{0}}\right]\\&=0\end{aligned}}$

This just leaves the sine component of the waveform found below.

${\begin{aligned}b_{n}&={\frac {2}{T}}\int _{0}^{{\frac {1}{2}}T}H\sin(n\omega _{0}t)\,dt+{\frac {2}{T}}\int _{{\frac {1}{2}}T}^{T}-H\sin(n\omega _{0}t)\,dt\\&={\frac {2}{T}}\left[{\frac {-H}{n\omega _{0}}}\cos(n\omega _{0}t)\right]_{0}^{{\frac {1}{2}}T}+{\frac {2}{T}}\left[{\frac {H}{n\omega _{0}}}\cos(n\omega _{0}t)\right]_{{\frac {1}{2}}T}^{T}\\&={\frac {2}{T}}\left[-{\frac {H}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\cos(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}{\frac {1}{2}}T)+{\frac {H}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\right]+{\frac {2}{T}}\left[{\frac {H}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\cos(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}T)-{\frac {H}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\cos(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}{\frac {1}{2}}T)\right]\\&={\frac {2}{T}}\left[-{\frac {TH}{2\pi n}}\cos(n\pi )+{\frac {TH}{2\pi n}}\right]+{\frac {2}{T}}\left[{\frac {TH}{2\pi n}}\underbrace {\cos(2\pi n)} _{\text{1}}-{\frac {TH}{2\pi n}}\cos(n\pi )\right]\\&=-{\frac {H}{\pi n}}\cos(n\pi )+{\frac {H}{\pi n}}+{\frac {H}{\pi n}}-{\frac {H}{\pi n}}\cos(n\pi )\\&={\frac {2H}{\pi n}}-{\frac {2H}{\pi n}}\cos(n\pi )\\\end{aligned}}$

Finally, resulting in the Fourier series for a Square Wave.

${\text{Square Wave Fourier Series: }}x(t)=x(t+T)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\left({\frac {2H}{\pi n}}-{\frac {2H}{\pi n}}\cos(n\pi )\right)\sin(n\omega _{0}t)$

Triangle Wave

Like the Square wave, the DC component of the Triangle Wave is 0 by inspection. Also, since the triangle wave is odd, it is made up only by sine components.

${\begin{aligned}a_{0}&={\frac {1}{T}}\int _{-{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {1}{4}}T}\left({\frac {4H}{T}}t\right)\,dt+{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {3}{4}}T}\left(-{\frac {4H}{T}}t+2H\right)\,dt\\&={\frac {1}{T}}\left[{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {4H}{T}}t^{2}\right]_{-{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {1}{4}}T}+{\frac {1}{T}}\left[-{\frac {1}{2}}{\frac {4H}{T}}t^{2}+2Ht\right]_{{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {3}{4}}T}\\&={\frac {1}{T}}\left[{\frac {2H}{T}}\left({\frac {1}{4}}T\right)^{2}-{\frac {2H}{T}}\left(-{\frac {1}{4}}T\right)^{2}\right]+{\frac {1}{T}}\left[-{\frac {2H}{T}}\left({\frac {3}{4}}T\right)^{2}+2H\left({\frac {3}{4}}T\right)-\left(-{\frac {2H}{T}}\left({\frac {1}{4}}T\right)^{2}+2H\left({\frac {1}{4}}T\right)\right)\right]\\&={\frac {1}{T}}\left[\underbrace {{\frac {2H}{T}}{\frac {1}{16}}T^{2}-{\frac {2H}{T}}{\frac {1}{16}}T^{2}} _{\text{0}}\right]+{\frac {1}{T}}\left[-{\frac {2H}{T}}{\frac {9}{16}}T^{2}+{\frac {3}{2}}HT+{\frac {2H}{T}}{\frac {1}{16}}T^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}HT\right]\\&=0+{\frac {1}{T}}\left[-{\frac {18H}{16T}}T^{2}+{\frac {3}{2}}HT+{\frac {2H}{16T}}T^{2}-{\frac {1}{2}}HT\right]\\&={\frac {1}{T}}\left[\underbrace {-{\frac {18}{16}}HT+{\frac {24}{16}}HT+{\frac {2}{16}}HT-{\frac {8}{16}}HT} _{\text{0}}\right]\\&=0\end{aligned}}$

${\begin{aligned}a_{n}&={\frac {2}{T}}\int _{-{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {1}{4}}T}\left({\frac {4H}{T}}t\right)\cos \left(n\omega _{0}t\right)\,dt+{\frac {2}{T}}\int _{{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {3}{4}}T}\left(-{\frac {4H}{T}}t+2H\right)\cos \left(n\omega _{0}t\right)\,dt\\&={\frac {8H}{T^{2}}}\int _{-{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {1}{4}}T}t\,\cos \left(n\omega _{0}t\right)\,dt+{\frac {4H}{T}}\int _{{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {3}{4}}T}\left(-{\frac {2}{T}}t+1\right)\cos \left(n\omega _{0}t\right)\,dt\\&={\frac {8H}{T^{2}}}\left[{\frac {t}{n\omega _{0}}}\sin(n\omega _{0}t)+{\frac {1}{n^{2}\omega _{0}^{2}}}\cos(n\omega _{0}t)\right]_{-{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {1}{4}}T}+{\frac {4H}{T}}\left[{\frac {-{\frac {2}{T}}t+1}{n\omega _{0}}}\sin(n\omega _{0}t)-{\frac {2}{Tn^{2}\omega _{0}^{2}}}\cos(n\omega _{0}t)\right]_{-{\frac {1}{4}}T}^{{\frac {3}{4}}T}\\&={\frac {8H}{T^{2}}}\left[\left[{\frac {{\frac {1}{4}}T}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\sin \left(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}{\frac {1}{4}}T\right)+{\frac {1}{n^{2}{\frac {4\pi ^{2}}{T^{2}}}}}\cos \left(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}{\frac {1}{4}}T\right)\right]-\left[{\frac {-{\frac {1}{4}}T}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\sin \left(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}-{\frac {1}{4}}T\right)+{\frac {1}{n^{2}{\frac {4\pi ^{2}}{T^{2}}}}}\cos \left(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}-{\frac {1}{4}}T\right)\right]\right]+{\frac {4H}{T}}\left[\left[{\frac {-{\frac {2}{T}}\left({\frac {3}{4}}T\right)+1}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\sin \left(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}{\frac {3}{4}}T\right)-{\frac {2}{Tn^{2}{\frac {4\pi ^{2}}{T^{2}}}}}\cos \left(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}{\frac {3}{4}}T\right)\right]-\left[{\frac {-{\frac {2}{T}}\left(-{\frac {1}{4}}T\right)+1}{n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}}}\sin \left(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}\left(-{\frac {1}{4}}T\right)\right)-{\frac {2}{Tn^{2}{\frac {4\pi ^{2}}{T^{2}}}}}\cos \left(n{\frac {2\pi }{T}}\left(-{\frac {1}{4}}T\right)\right)\right]\right]\\&={\frac {8H}{T^{2}}}\left[\left[{\frac {T^{2}}{8\pi n}}\sin \left({\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)+{\frac {T^{2}}{n^{2}4\pi ^{2}}}\cos \left({\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)\right]-\left[{\frac {T^{2}}{8\pi n}}\sin \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)+{\frac {T^{2}}{n^{2}4\pi ^{2}}}\cos \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)\right]\right]+{\frac {4H}{T}}\left[\left[-{\frac {T}{4\pi n}}\sin \left({\frac {3}{2}}n\pi \right)-{\frac {T}{2\pi ^{2}n^{2}}}\cos \left({\frac {3}{2}}n\pi \right)\right]-\left[{\frac {3T}{4\pi n}}\sin \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)-{\frac {T}{2\pi ^{2}n^{2}}}\cos \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)\right]\right]\\&={\frac {8H}{T^{2}}}\left[{\frac {T^{2}}{8\pi n}}\sin \left({\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)-{\frac {T^{2}}{8\pi n}}\sin \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)+\underbrace {{\frac {T^{2}}{n^{2}4\pi ^{2}}}\cos \left({\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)-{\frac {T^{2}}{n^{2}4\pi ^{2}}}\cos \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)} _{\text{0}}\right]+{\frac {4H}{T}}\left[-{\frac {T}{4\pi n}}\sin \left({\frac {3}{2}}n\pi \right)-{\frac {3T}{4\pi n}}\sin \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)-\underbrace {{\frac {T}{2\pi ^{2}n^{2}}}\cos \left({\frac {3}{2}}n\pi \right)+{\frac {T}{2\pi ^{2}n^{2}}}\cos \left(-{\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)} _{\text{0}}\right]\\&={\frac {8H}{T^{2}}}\left[{\frac {2T^{2}}{8\pi n}}\sin \left({\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)\right]+{\text{integrate other side}}\\&={\frac {2H}{\pi n}}\sin \left({\frac {1}{2}}n\pi \right)+{\text{integrate other side}}\end{aligned}}$

${\begin{aligned}testfunction&=\end{aligned}}$

OCTAVE Scripts to Plot Fourier Series

Square Wave

clf;            %Clear Figure
t=0:.01:10;     %Limits of the graph
T=2*pi          %Definition of the period
M=100           %Number of iterations to undergo
sum1=0;         %Initialize the sum to 

%----------FOURIER SERIES----------%
for m=1:1:M,    %For m=1, increment by 1 until you get to M
  if(m!=0)
    sum1 = sum1 + ((2/(pi*m))-(2/(pi*m))*cos(m*pi))*sin(m*2*pi/T*t);
  end
end

%---------------PLOT---------------%
plot(t,real(sum1),'b-')
title('Fourier Series Representation of a Wave')
xlabel('time (seconds)')
ylabel('Function')
grid on;

legend(num2str(M) ' terms');
print("squarewave.png","-dpng")  % Prints the plot to a png file called squarewave.png

TODO:

• finish the triangle wave derivation
• start sawtooth wave derivation
• implement triangle wave Fourier Series in OCTAVE
• implement sawtooth wave Fourier Series in OCTAVE