User:GabrielaV

Introduction

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Signals & Systems

Example

Find the first two orthogonormal polynomials on [-1,1]

1. What is orthogonormal? [2]

2. What is orthogonal? [3]

3. What is a polynomial? [4]

        ${\mathbf {a}}$
        ${\mathbf {b}}t+c$

4. Now we can find the values for the unknown variables.

$<a|a>=\int _{-1}^{1}aadt=1$

${\mathbf {a}}={\sqrt {\frac {1}{2}}}$

$<bt+c|a>=\int _{-1}^{1}a(bt+c)dt=0$

${\mathbf {c}}=0$

$<bt+c|bt+c>=\int _{-1}^{1}(bt+c)^{2}dt=1$

${\mathbf {b}}={\sqrt {(}}{\frac {3}{2}})$

5. Now that we know what the first two orthogonormal polynomials!

Fourier Transform

As previously discussed, Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function therefore we can not use it to transform a non-periodic funciton from time to the frequency domain. Fortunately the Fourier transform allows for the transformation to be done on a non-periodic function.

In order to understand the relationship between a non-periodic function and it's counterpart we must go back to Fourier series. Remember the complex exponential signal? [5]

Failed to parse (SVG with PNG fallback (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \x(t)=x(t+T)=\sum_{k= -\infty}^ \infty \alpha_k e^ \frac{j 2 \pi k t}{T}}

where

${\mathbf {\alpha }}_{k}={1/T}\int _{-{T \over 2}}^{T \over 2}x(u)e^{-j2\pi ku \over T}du$

If we let

${\mathbf {T\to \infty }}$

The summation becomes integration, the harmoinic frequency becomes a continuous frequency, and the incremental spacing becomes a differential separation.

$\sum _{k=-\infty }^{\infty }\to \int _{-\infty }^{\infty }$

${{k \over T}\to \infty }$

${1/T}\to \infty$

The result is

$\lim _{T\to \infty }=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }{\left[\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }x(u)e^{-j2\pi fu}du\right]}e^{j2\pi ft}df$

The term in the brackets is the Fourier transfrom of x(t)

Failed to parse (unknown function "\x"): {\displaystyle \mathcal{F}[\x(t)]=\Alpha(f) }