Key Facts from Reading Chapter 1

The following facts are not profound and are possibly very obvious. Nonetheless, they might help cement certain concepts. Please add things you think would be helpful.

Transistors

MOSFET diagram <ref> University of Cambridge </ref>

Conduction in n-type material is from free electrons.
Conduction in p-type material is from holes (positive particles).
The function of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) depends on the voltage applied to the gate.
- Certain ranges of voltage allow no current to flow between the drain and the source. In this way, the MOSFET acts like an open switch.
- Another particular range of voltage allows current to easily flow from the source to the drain.
- When the voltage is in between the ranges of open and closed switch, the MOSFET can smoothly control the amount of current flowing.
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) can act as either switches or current controls as well.

Amplifiers

An inverting amplifier has a negative voltage gain, $\ {A_{v}}$ .
A noninverting amplifier has a positive voltage gain, $\ {A_{v}}$ . (If you get this, you deserve a cookie)
The power gain, $\ G$ $\ G$ , is the ration of the output power to the input power
- $G={\frac {P_{o}}{P_{i}}}={\frac {V_{o}{I_{o}}}{V_{i}{I_{i}}}}=A_{v}{A_{i}}=(A_{v})^{2}{\frac {R_{i}}{R_{L}}}$ $G={\frac {P_{o}}{P_{i}}}={\frac {V_{o}{I_{o}}}{V_{i}{I_{i}}}}=A_{v}{A_{i}}=(A_{v})^{2}{\frac {R_{i}}{R_{L}}}$
  - $\ R_{i}$ is the amplifier's input resistance and $\ R_{o}$ is the amplifier's output resistance.

Decibel Conversion

Power gain, $\ G$ , can be converted to decibels:

$G=(A_{v})^{2}{\frac {R_{i}}{R_{L}}}$

$\ G_{db}=10log{A_{v}}^{2}+10logR_{i}-10logR_{L}$

$\ G_{db}=10log|A_{v}|+10logR_{i}-10logR_{L}$

By the equation above, we can say voltage gain in decibels can be found with this equation: $\ A_{vdB}=20log|A_{v}|$ , where $\ A_{v}$ is the voltage gain and $\ A_{vdB}$ is the voltage gain is decibels.
Similarly, we can say current gain in decibels can be found with this equation: $\ A_{idB}=20log|A_{i}|$ , where $\ A_{i}$ is the current gain and $\ A_{idB}$ is the current gain is decibels.

Differential Amplifiers

Differential Amplifiers have two inputs. The terminal marked with a "+" is the noninverting input, and the terminal marked with a "-" is the inverting input.
The differential input signal is given by $\ v_{id}=v_{i1}-v_{i2}$
The output of an ideal differential amplifier is given by $\ v_{o}=A_{d}v_{id}$ .
The common-mode input signal is given by the following: $v_{icm}={\frac {1}{2}}(v_{i1}+v_{i2})$ .
A real differential amplifier's output is given by $\ v_{o}=A_{d}v_{id}+A_{cm}v_{icm}$ , where $\ A_{cm}$ is the common-mode signal gain.